Series

Local moves — the series

4 essays on one idea, from the one that introduces it to the one that assumes the rest.
  1. 8 letterings fold · 1 piece under any two creasesflip two creases anywhere round the vertex, which is the smallest change Maekawa allowsMMVVVVMMMMVVMVVVMVMVMMMVVMVVVMVMMMVMVVVVMMVVMMMMsectors 43° · 110° · 121° · 57° · 16° · 13°one piece: every folding is reachableevery crease at once: stays inside its own piece

    Walking between two foldings

    The letterings a vertex folds in are always counted and never navigated. Counting says a generic degree-six vertex has eight of them; navigating says that changing any two creases turns any one into any other, and that changing two neighbouring creases does not — and that the vertices which come apart are the ones with no coincidences in them, which is the opposite of what every other measurement here would suggest.

    part 1 · flat-folding
  2. a single vertex is always one piece; a pattern with more is notand the number of pieces is decided by the creases that never reach the edge of the paperThe preliminary base1 vertices inside the paper112 letterings admitted1 piece of 1120 creases buried2^0 = 1The square twist4 vertices inside the paper256 letterings admitted16 pieces of 164 creases buried2^4 = 16The hexagon twist6 vertices inside the paper4096 letterings admitted64 pieces of 646 creases buried2^6 = 64Fold and cut — the triangle1 vertices inside the paper30 letterings admitted1 piece of 300 creases buried2^0 = 1

    The creases that cannot move

    One vertex's foldings are always joined up. A pattern's are not, and the number of pieces they fall into is exactly two to the power of the number of creases with an interior vertex at each end — four on a square twist, six on a hexagon twist, none at all on a preliminary base. The creases a local change cannot reach are the creases that never reach the edge of the paper.

    part 2 · flat-folding
  3. the bar is the creases with an interior vertex at each enda folder holding one of these patterns is in one piece of the count on the right, and cannot leave it107 of 862 moves survive across the shelf · 0 touch a buried creaseThe preliminary base0 buried · 1 piecesThe Miura fold22 buried · 4,194,304 piecesThe square twist4 buried · 16 piecesThe hexagon twist6 buried · 64 piecesThe Yoshimura pattern48 buried · 2.81 × 10^14 piecesFold and cut — the triangle0 buried · 1 piecesThe tapered corrugation27 buried · 1.34 × 10^8 piecesThe waterbomb tessellation42 buried · 4.39 × 10^12 pieces

    The pieces without the list

    The letterings a pattern folds in fall into pieces no folder can cross, and the count was found by writing every lettering down — which stops at eighteen creases. The Miura has thirty-eight, the Yoshimura eighty-six, and the number of pieces can be read off the drawing without listing anything: four million and two hundred and eighty-one million million.

    part 3 · flat-folding
  4. the bar is how many moves survive the conditions at a vertexa move flips two creases meeting at one point, which is what pushing a vertex through doesthe square patch0216 pairs tried at each of two letterings · 0 legal · 0 leave the verdict alonethe elongated patch6270 pairs tried at each of two letterings · 6 legal · 6 leave the verdict alonethe hexagonal patch8360 pairs tried at each of two letterings · 8 legal · 8 leave the verdict alonethe triangular patch8360 pairs tried at each of two letterings · 8 legal · 8 leave the verdict alonethe rhombille patch16756 pairs tried at each of two letterings · 16 legal · 16 leave the verdict aloneevery one of them leaves the lettering on the side of the question it was already on

    Every move leaves the verdict

    The only change a folder can make to a lettering without breaking it is to push one vertex through, flipping two creases at once. Try every such move on five tessellation patches, from two different letterings each: nineteen of two thousand nine hundred and sixty-four survive the conditions, and not one of the nineteen turns a lettering that agrees with itself into one that does not, or the other way about.

    part 4 · flat-folding

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