How this site is made

The figure library

Every picture here is generated from code at build time. This is every generator, ordered by how many essays call it, each rendered at its defaults.

No figure on this site is a drawing that was made once and saved. Each one is a function: it takes parameters and returns SVG, so the same generator produces the 27° twist and the 5° twist without either being redrawn.

That is the reason the collection can keep growing without the illustrations drifting apart. A generator is written once, checked once, and every essay that calls it inherits the same line weights, the same colour roles, and the same behaviour in dark mode. There are 161 of them. The most-used — lettering-search — is called by 27 essays; the least-used by one.

Ordering them by how many essays call each one is new, and it is the point of this page rather than a nicety. A generator written for one essay and never called again is a design failure — it means an argument was drawn rather than a mechanism understood — and until this page existed the only way to notice was a number in a ledger. Now the tail is visible: the generators at the end of the list are the candidates for parameterising into something a second essay can use.

Each of them now has a page of its own, and what those pages carry is not the picture — it is what the generator checked before it drew. A crease pattern here goes past four theorems at every interior vertex, and until this phase the only evidence that it had was a build that did not crash: a passing assertion left nothing behind, so the account of what this code verifies lived in prose, and prose about what code does drifts in one direction only. It is measured now, by running each generator with a listener on its assertions. 161 of the 161 made a claim during this build, 1649 distinct claims between them — and the eleven that made none say so on their own pages, which is the point of measuring rather than listing.

Several of these draw patterns a reader can print and fold. Those are collected on the patterns page, with a sheet at true scale and a FOLD export for each.

What a witness costs, against how rare one is5 tessellation patches. The bar is how many nodes a search visits before returning a lettering whose arcs have no loop in them; the note beside it is how many of 200 letterings drawn at random from the same pattern turn out to agree with themselves. 2 of them were never given one by the draws.the bar is how many nodes the search visited before it found onethe note is how many of the same pattern's random letterings agree with themselvesthe square patch2649 panels · 26 of 200 drawn letterings agreethe elongated patch3562 panels · 5 of 200 drawn letterings agreethe hexagonal patch4177 panels · 2 of 200 drawn letterings agreethe triangular patch4783 panels · 0 of 200 drawn letterings agreethe rhombille patch561157 panels · 0 of 200 drawn letterings agreea search that stops at the first witness; nothing here counts how many there are
How often a redrawn lettering is consistent with itselfIndependent letterings drawn from each pattern, and how many of them the letters do not contradict. A pattern this site prints is nearly always consistent whatever letters it is given; a tessellation patch cut from the same construction almost never is.the bar is the share of draws whose letters agree among themselvesa draw that disagrees is a proof that the pattern has no flat folded state with those lettersthe preliminary base200 of 2008 panels · 8 creases · 0 contradict themselvesthe square twist198 of 2009 panels · 12 creases · 2 contradict themselvesthe Yoshimura190 of 20065 panels · 86 creases · 10 contradict themselvesthe Miura fold181 of 20024 panels · 38 creases · 19 contradict themselvesa square twist patch26 of 20049 panels · 84 creases · 174 contradict themselvesa hexagonal patch2 of 20077 panels · 142 creases · 198 contradict themselvesa rhombille patch0 of 200157 panels · 282 creases · 200 contradict themselvesthe sampler returns solutions rather than a uniform draw over them, so these are shares of what it found
One period of the square twist tessellation, with its edges joinedThe crease pattern of a single repeating cell of a twist tessellation on the square grid, drawn on the rectangle it repeats in. The rings mark where a crease meets a side of the cell: each one on the left is the same crease as one on the right, and each on the bottom the same as one on the top. Joined that way the 40 pieces are 32 creases, the 25 drawn panels are 16, and all 16 vertices are interior.one period of the square grid's twist tessellationa ring is where a crease leaves and returns on the far side40 crease pieces → 32 creases25 drawn panels → 16 panels16 vertices, every one interiorV − E + F = 0mountainvalleyraw edge
The coin's forty answers and the constant's one, on the rhombille patchNode counts for 40 runs of one lettering search on one crease pattern of 157 panels and 282 creases, ranked. Under the search's own random choice of which letter to try first the cost runs from 86 to 15872 with 15 runs unfinished; under a constant choice every run costs 80.the dot is one run's cost, ranked; the rule is the constant order1001e+31e+4nodes visited40 seeds, ranked by cost80 nodes, every seed15 unfinished at 20,000same pattern, same conditions, same test at every node — the only difference is which letter is tried first
How much of a folded sheet lies over the rest of itFor every crease pattern this site prints at true scale: the pairs of panels that share ground in the folded state, the non-crossing rules those pairs generate, and whether an ordering of the panels was found, refused or ruled out.the bar is the pairs of panels that lie over one anotherThe preliminary base288 panels · 12 rules · an ordering existsThe Miura fold22824 panels · 228 rules · not decidedThe square twist369 panels · 48 rules · an ordering existsThe hexagon twist6613 panels · 96 rules · an ordering existsThe Yoshimura pattern205565 panels · 1187 rules · not decidedFold and cut — the triangle217 panels · 15 rules · an ordering existsThe tapered corrugation28228 panels · 351 rules · not decidedThe waterbomb tessellation92652 panels · 654 rules · not decideda pattern with no bar has no two panels over one another, and its order is not a question
A vertex that folds flatFour creases at one point, with the sectors between them measured and both flat-folding conditions evaluated. Kawasaki constrains the angles and Maekawa constrains the assignment; a vertex needs both, and they are independent of one another.VMMM60°90°120°90°Kawasaki60° + 120° = 180°90° + 90° = 180°both 180° — satisfiedMaekawa3 mountains, 1 valleysdifference 2exactly 2 — satisfiedangles sum to 360°which is what a flat sheet requiresmountainvalley
One rectangle, glued four waysThe same rectangle of paper with the same creases on it, four times: cut out of the plane in the ordinary way, with its left and right edges declared to be one edge, with its top and bottom edges declared to be one edge, and with both. Matching arrowheads mark the pairs. Nothing in the crease pattern distinguishes the four, and each of them is a different sheet of paper.one rectangle, glued four waysa disc, two cylinders and a torus — from one drawing4 edges lefta disc2 edges lefta cylinder, across2 edges lefta cylinder, alongno edges lefta torusthe same rectangle and the same creases in all four, and nothing in the drawing says which is whichmatching arrowheads mean the two edges are one edge of the paper
A strip, folded, with its layers solvedA one-dimensional crease pattern and the stack it folds into. In one dimension the layer ordering can be decided exactly, so the arrangement below is a solution found by search rather than a drawing of a plausible one — and when no arrangement exists the figure reports that instead.MVMV123455 segments, 4 creases12345the stack, solvedassignmentsMVMVvalid stacks1decided byexhaustive searchover the orderingsthe folded positions come from the crease spacing; the assignment only decides which way each turn wraps
What a flat sheet can becomeA sheet that cannot stretch can only take shapes with zero Gaussian curvature everywhere — cylinders, cones and the general developable surface. A sphere or a saddle curves in two directions at once and no amount of folding reaches one, which is why a paper globe has to be made of gores.cylinderreachablecurved one way onlyconereachablecurved one way, from a pointsphereunreachablecurved two ways — impossiblesaddleunreachablecurved two ways — impossible
What one fold can refer to, and what two canThe set of points a folder can refer to, after nothing, after one fold and after two. Every axiom names points and lines that must already exist, so the reachable set is finite at every depth: four corners, then nine references, then several hundred. The faint lines are the folds the axioms specify; the marks are the crossings that land on the paper.the bare sheet4 references · 4 linesnothing has been foldedafter 1 fold9 references · 12 lineshalves, and nothing elseafter 2 folds565 references · 92 lineshalves, thirds, fifths — and worsea fold is an alignment, and an alignment needs something already on the paper to align565 references after 2 folds, and the count is finite however many folds are allowed
Cutting a square tessellation out of the plane, and gluing it upSearch cost in nodes, on a logarithmic scale, against how many periods of the tessellation the rectangle holds. The lower line is the rectangle cut out of the plane in the ordinary way; the upper is the same rectangle with its opposite edges joined, so that no crease is divided. Both search the same drawing under the same rule at the same vertices.the same drawing, cut out of the plane and glued upnodes, log scale, against periods across the sheet10100100010⁴10⁵1×12×23×34×4glued upcut outan open mark is a search that ran out of budget rather than a cost
The period cell of the Yoshimurathe Yoshimura drawn over the plane, with one period rectangle marked on it and a ring of its neighbours around it. The rectangle's edges are placed to miss every vertex, so identifying opposite edges can neither make nor destroy an interior vertex — there are 2 of them either way. one column wide and two courses high, because the courses alternate their offset.the period cell of the Yoshimuraone period, with its neighbours round it2 interior vertices in the cell12 crease pieces drawnperiod 0.167 × 0.289one column wide and two courses high, because the courses alternate their offsetthe cell is a rectangle of ordinary paper until somebody says its edges are one edge