Generator

A mesh with no two vertices alike, folded

A generator in the rigid folding library, called 25 times across 6 essays. Below: what it draws at its defaults and at the arguments the essays give it, what it checked while drawing, and everywhere it is used.

mesh-folded is one function. Everything below came out of it during this build, at arguments taken from the essays rather than invented for this page — so a figure here is the same figure a reader meets in an essay, and when the generator changes, this page changes with it.

At its defaults

A mesh with no two vertices alike, foldedEvery panel put where the fold angles say it is, by a walk that rotates each panel about the crease it shares with its neighbour. Nothing in the walk makes the four panels round a vertex meet; they meet because the mesh folds.fold angle 0.9 radians · vertices close to 3.5e-13

view: "cells", which: "solved", rho: 0.9

Every cell differentThe sheet's cells, each shaded by how much it widens as it is stretched. On a sheet that repeats one cell they are identical and the sheet's own number is theirs; on a sheet with no repeating cell they are not, and some move one way while others move the other.-0.15-0.00-0.12-3.53-0.46-2.69-0.09-0.300.44the sheet as a whole reports -0.175spread 3.97, 23× the sheet's

view: "solid", which: "miura", rho: 0.9

A Miura, foldedEvery panel put where the fold angles say it is, by a walk that rotates each panel about the crease it shares with its neighbour. Nothing in the walk makes the four panels round a vertex meet; they meet because the mesh folds.fold angle 0.9 radians · vertices close to 2.0e-15

view: "cells", which: "miura", rho: 0.9

Every cell the sameThe sheet's cells, each shaded by how much it widens as it is stretched. On a sheet that repeats one cell they are identical and the sheet's own number is theirs; on a sheet with no repeating cell they are not, and some move one way while others move the other.-0.15-0.15-0.15-0.15-0.15-0.15-0.15-0.15-0.15the sheet as a whole reports -0.151the cells agree exactly

What it checked while it drew

Collected by running this generator with a listener on the assertions, not written here. The count is how many separate times this build put that claim to the test.

Where it is called

Changing this generator changes every figure on this list, which is what makes the list worth publishing rather than keeping in a check script.

Nothing to average over

A folded corrugation is reported with a Poisson's ratio, and both of this site's measurements of one were made on a sheet that repeats a single cell. On such a sheet every cell behaves the same way and the cell's number is the sheet's number. On a sheet with no repeating cell the cells run from −3.5 to +0.4 — some widening while others narrow — and the sheet's own figure describes none of them.

Solved is not built

A mesh that folds because an equation holds and a mesh that folds because one crease family runs straight through every vertex are not two examples of the same thing. Cut a Miura's every dimension five per cent wrong and it still folds exactly. Cut a solved general mesh a fifth of a millimetre wrong on a 150 mm sheet and the closure is gone.

Solving every face at once

A quadrilateral mesh that folds rigidly has to close round every one of its faces, and the rung that built the general mesh could close one. Four of them at once resisted a descent that drove each free length to its own root, because closing a loop is a condition on several lengths together — and solving them jointly finds a sheet with no two vertices alike that folds, and a surface of them sixteen dimensions wide.

The hardest instant

Driving one crease of a quadrilateral mesh settles every other one, and an error in the driven crease arrives elsewhere multiplied. That multiplier was measured once, at one fold angle. Followed along the whole motion it is worst at the flat sheet on twenty of twenty-four creases — and on the Miura the measurement has to refuse to answer.

The Miura folds two ways

One vertex repeated is what makes the Miura buildable: identical panels, identical creases, one degree of freedom. It is also what makes it ambiguous. At one fold angle on one crease the sheet has two folded states, differing in three letters and in half its width, and both of them close exactly — while a mesh with no two vertices alike has one.

Which crease to push

Deciding one fold angle settles every other one on a quadrilateral mesh, which is what makes a self-folding sheet buildable with a single actuator. It leaves a question that sounds like an afterthought: which crease. Driving each of a mesh's twenty-four in turn gives twenty-four different answers to how far an error in it travels — and on the sheet that repeats one vertex, it gives several answers to what shape the sheet takes.

Every generator · The rigid folding field · The patterns a reader can fold